Essay on Account For the Success of the Bolsheviks in...

Account For the Success of the Bolsheviks in October 1917 At the beginning of 1917 most of the Bolsheviks were in exile but by the end of 1917 the Bolshevik party had not only consolidated control of Moscow and Petrograd, but they were also advancing on the rest of the country. This success was due to several linked factors; the Bolshevik policy of non-cooperation, weakness of the Provisional Government, division of alternative opposition, Lenins leadership skills, the power of the Petrograd Soviet and Trotsky as its leader, failure on deliver of land reform and the oppressed, armed workers in Petrograd. Bolshevik success is dictated by whether they met their aims; these included the†¦show more content†¦Although, we must remember, that Lenin had incorrectly pushed for an unsuccessful revolution in July. Lenin is famed to have said, History will not forgive us if we do not assume power, Lenin chose, successfully, when to seize power. The Weaknesses of the Provisional Government were as much, if not more to blame than the successes of the Bolsheviks for the Socialist Revolution. The Provisional Government was delicate by its very nature, it was not democratically elected, it was illegitimate, and had no mandate to rule. Why should opposition groups recognise such a government? The Bolsheviks were careful not to affiliate itself with the Provisional Government because it wanted to disassociate itself from governments many failed policies and it also wanted to remain a small, hardcore, tightly knit net of ardent Marxists, without any Bourgeois influences. The Provisional Governments failed policies stemmed from its weak, fragmented coalition. The Octoberists were on the centre right as they agreed with the Tsars October Manifesto, which had ended the 1905 Revolution. The Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) were the moderate, liberals of the centre of the political spectrum. 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The Soviet revolution marked the genesis of Bolshevism. The ideology of Bolshevism is represented in the adoption of Animalism in the novel. Orwell uses characters, symbols, events and concepts that refer to the Bolshevik revolution and its aftermathRead MoreStalin vs. Trotsky Essay3293 Words   |  14 Pagescommitted to the unity of theory and practice and bent upon spreading Communism throughout the whole world. While Lenin was alive (at any rate until 1922) both men had a secure place in his favor and therefore in the party as a whole. Since 1917, at least, Trotsky had supported Lenin on the main issues and seemed to have more of his candor and flexibility than Stalin. However, as Lenin sickened and died, the mutual antagonism between Trotsky and Stalin, who had never been compatibleRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesPosition created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Russian SFSR | In office 8 November 1917  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Member of the Politburo | In office 25 March 1919  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | In office 23 October 1917  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 7 November 1917 | Personal details | Born | Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'€ ИÐ »Ã'Å'Ð ¸Ã'‡ Ð £Ã »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ½Ã ¾Ã ²) (1870-04-22)22 April 1870 Simbirsk, Russian Empire | Died |Read MoreEssay about The Evolution of Democracy in Georgia5043 Words   |  21 PagesThe Georgian people made its choice on 26 May 1918, when it voted for democracy and pluralism in the conditions of a free Georgia. 26 May was destroyed by Bolshevik bayonets, but the idea of freedom and democracy remain undefeated in the Georgian - Statement of the National Democratic Party, 1988.1 In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Caucasian country of Georgia (map below) was among the vanguard of forces seeking the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was the only republic to join the BalticRead MoreHistory HL Paper 3 Europe6131 Words   |  25 Pagesunification, †¢ Cavour advocated foreign help, Garibaldi opposed it. The above points should be known. Accept and reward other relevant details. [0 to 7 marks] for general comments or if only one person is addressed. [8 to 10 marks] for sequential narrative accounts of both with limited linkage. [11 to 13 marks] for an attempted comparative structure or excellent linkage. [14 to 16 marks] for accurate knowledge in a comparative framework. [17+ marks] for a perceptive, analytical and balanced comparison. –8–Read MoreWithin the period 1894-2005, Lenin has been the most significant leader of Russia and the USSR. 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Bonk, By Mary Roach, Is Essentially A Collection Of Stories,

Bonk, by Mary Roach, is essentially a collection of stories, histories, and studies of human sexuality and sex research. Mary Roach talks about the barriers to sex research in the 19th and 20th centuries and the stigma that came along with it. Unfortunately, much of these barriers and stigmatizations still exist, even in a day and age where sex is sold on every street corner through commercial advertisements. It seems that no matter how academic the study, the assumption of the motives behind one researching sex is perversion. Mary Roach, who researches the fascinating avenues of sex, expresses tremendous respect for those brave enough to put their reputations, future, and bank accounts on the line to pioneer the socially risky science of†¦show more content†¦Courage was not optional for the sexologist, it was necessary. No matter how tame the research sounded, it was always pushing the limits on the socially acceptable, and often ignored the limits all together. It is clear to see how social values have influenced research on sexuality in the past. Not only did society dictate what was right and proper for a scientist to study, but it condemned those who sought answers for the â€Å"improper† areas of study to career damnation. Even more discouraging is the way in which modern day society still puts limits on the research done in sexual physiology. In an era so tolerant and open-minded, one would assume that any researcher in honest quest for truth would be welcomed (and funded) with open arms. Unfortunately, this is not the case. In an article titled Long After Kinsey, Only the Brave Study Sex, Benedict Carey describes such limits on a study attempted in 2003, â€Å"In July 2003, for instance, Congress threatened to shut down several highly-regarded sex studies, including one of emotion and arousal, and another of massage parlor workers. And last summer health officials refused to finance a widely anticipated

Sentence Coherence Free Essays

Coherence means the quality of sticking together. a sentence has coherence when the sentence elements are so arranged as to show their relationship. Clarity in the sentence depends largely on proper word order A. We will write a custom essay sample on Sentence Coherence or any similar topic only for you Order Now Achieving coherence through proper placement of modifiers A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that describes, strengthens, or clarifies another word (or group of words) in a sentence. When a modifier is placed in its proper position in a sentence, a sense of clarity is established for the reader. Example: Confusion: He barely kicked that ball twenty yards. Repair Work: He kicked that ball barely twenty yards. The issue of the proper placement of â€Å"only† has long been argued among grammarians. Many careful writers will insist that â€Å"only† be placed immediately before the word or phrase it modifies. Thus â€Å"I only gave him three dollars† would be rewritten as â€Å"I gave him only three dollars. † Some grammarians, however, have argued that such precision is not really necessary, that there is no danger of misreading â€Å"I only gave him three dollars† and that â€Å"only† can safely and naturally be placed between the subject and the verb. The argument has been going on for two hundred years. Other examples: (boardwork) 1. Mother loves the bungalow which she inherited from her grandfather. (Spanish- style, maternal) 2. The bride walked down the aisle on the arm of her father. (slowly) A. 1. Avoiding Misplaced modifiers Misplaced modifiers-a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies How to correct a misplaced modifier: Place the modifier close to the word it modifies Error: I brought the dress from that store that I really wanted. Correction: I brought the dress that I really wanted from that store. A. 2. Avoiding Squinting Modifiers Squinting Modifiers -a phrase or clause that seems to modify two words at a time Example: Students who miss classes frequently fail the course. We can’t tell which part of the sentence the word frequently is supposed to modify. Look at these two possible meanings: Students who miss class frequently or frequently fail the course. Correct a squinting modifier error by repositioning the modifier to place it next to the word it modifies. Example 2: Cycling up hills quickly strengthens your quadriceps. (In this example, the word â€Å"quickly† is a squinting modifier. It is not clear whether â€Å"quickly† pertains to â€Å"Cycling up hills† or â€Å"strengthens†. B. Achieving coherence by Avoiding Dangling Modifiers Dangling modifiers- It is a phrase or clause that is not clearly and logically related to the word or words it modifies How to correct a Dangling Modifier 1. Change the main clause of the sentence so that it begins with the word actually mod ified Example 1. Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, the car seemed to run better. Correction: Changing the oil every 3,000 miles, Fred found he could get much better gas mileage. Example 2: To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, an exercise program was set up for the summer months. Correction:To keep the young recruits interested in getting in shape, the coaching staff set up an exercise program for the summer months. 2. Change the dangling modifier phrase to a subordinate clause, creating a subject and a verb Example 1: Raised in Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the smell of the sea. Correction For a person raised in Nova Scotia, it is natural to miss the smell of the sea. The introductory phrase in the above sentence looks as if it is meant to modify a person or persons, but no one is mentioned in the sentence. Such introductory adjective phrases, because of their position, automatically modify the first noun or pronoun that follows the phrase — in this case, â€Å"it. † The connection in this case is illogical because â€Å"it† was not raised in Nova Scotia. You could revise the sentence in a number of ways: In correction: (the phrase functions as an adjective but now automatically modifies â€Å"I,† a logical connection) Example 2: Although nearly finished, we left the play early because we were worried about our sick cat. Correction: Although the play was nearly finished, we left early because we were worried about our sick cat. A dangling modifier can also appear when you place an elliptical clause improperly: Although nearly finished, we left the play early because we were worried about our sick cat. The way this sentence is structured, the clause â€Å"Although nearly finished† illogically modifies â€Å"we,† the pronoun directly following the clause. An easy way to rectify the problem is to re-insert the subject and verb that are understood in the elliptical clause: Although the play was nearly finished, we left early because we were worried about our sick cat. C. Achieving Coherence by Clear Reference of pronouns A pronoun refers to or replaces a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun already mentioned. The word the pronoun replaces is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. A pronoun should always refer to a clear and definite antecedent. C. 1. Wrong reference Make sure that a pronoun refers to a specific noun, not a possessive noun or a noun within a prepositional phrase. | Faulty | In George Orwell’s essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant, † he reports an incident that shows the evil effects of imperialism. [The pronoun he cannot refer to the possessive noun Orwell’s. ] | Revised | In his essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† George Orwell reports an incident that shows the evil effects of imperialism. [The possessive pronoun his can refer to the subject noun Orwell. ]| Avoid using a pronoun such as they or it without an explicit antecedent. | Faulty | When Rivera applied for a resident alien card, they put him through many bureaucratic procedures. [The sentence does not ha ve a clear antecedent for the pronoun they. ] | | Revised | When Rivera applied for a resident alien card, government officials put him through many manybureaucratic procedures. Before government officials issued Rivera a resident alien card, they put him through many bureaucratic procedures. | C. 2 Ambiguous References Your readers should never be left wondering which this, they, or it is being discussed. Faulty | My husband told my father that he should choose the baby’s name. [Does he refer to husband or to father ? ] | Revised | My husband told my father to choose the baby’s name. My husband wanted to choose the baby’s name and told my father so. | Example 2:Ted told Hanz that he was hungry. Ted told Hanz that the former was hungry or Ted told Hanz, † I am hungry. † Example 3: Sylvia told her mother, â€Å"I need a new wardrobe. † Sylvia told her mother that she needed a new wardrobe C. 3. No Reference Examples 1. When we went to the motor vehicle division to register our car, they kept us waiting for nearly an hour. Correction: When we went to the motor vehicle division to register our car, the clerk kept us waiting for nearly an hour. 2. Elizabeth’s mother and father are both pilots; however, Elizabeth is not interested in it. Correction: Elizabeth’s mother and father are both pilots; however, Elizabeth is not interested in flying. 3. It says in the recipe that one must use butter, not margarine. Correction: According to the recipe, one must use butter, not margarine. 4. We prefer the kind of gas stations where hot food is sold. Correction: We prefer the kind of gas stations where they sell hot food. 5, Tammy applied for a scholarship, but her advisor told her that her parents make too much money. Correction: Tammy applied for a scholarship, but they told her that her parents made too much money. How to cite Sentence Coherence, Papers

Financial Statements and Positive Accounting Theory

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statements and Positive Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction Positive accounting research is a type of research that aims at shifting of the normal paradigm of dogmatic thinking. The critique aims to identify whether positive accounting research is the real thing and if so what can be done to improve it (Mouck, 1990). Watts and Zimmerman advocated the positive accounting research theory in 1978.The positive theory uses the technique of observation to base its argument as opposed to the normative theory that applies formulas. Positive accounting focuses on the actual real world transactions as well as events and tries to examine and understand how the events are accounted (Staff, 2016). The examination of the accounting methods reveal the economic consequences that might arise from using such accounting decisions, to determine measures for accounting future events. On the other hand, normative theory relies on deductions based on formulas that have been in existence. For this, reason the paper compares the old paradigm to several believes that hindered the discovery of new knowledge. On this paper, the report structure will be applied, as it is more understandable (Mehta, 2016). Is the positive accounting research approach the best? Is the research having obstacles in its adoption in various fields? What are some of the shortcomings experienced during its application? What are some of the improvement needed to perfect the positive accounting research? On the introduction part, the author highlights that the review of the theory is to expose the serious deficiencies in a way in which performance of positive accounting research practice takes place leading to the non-meaningful contribution to the wider project. The author has gone ahead to elaborate on the hypothesis by examining some recent papers. The first paper, the scientists research project, focuses on how individuals hold beliefs so close that they rarely acknowledge new ways and findings. The author continues to acknowledge the perception of sophists views urging that in order to incorporate positive accounting research, one should stop believing in normative accounting theory. This shows that the author tries to identify preconceived beliefs as one of the obstacles facing the adoption of positive accounting theory (Watts Zimmerman, 1986). The second paper, examples of positive research in accounting, the author portrays the broadness of positive accounting research and even highlight examples that are included in that type of research. Some of the examples include how managers perform evaluation systems with discretion, the different ways of presentation of accounts information affect the users ability to absorb and finally how audit experts make their judgment. The paper shows that while using the positive accounting approach there is a shortcoming as the broadness of the concept has various areas that may lead to misinterpretation (Wolk, 2009). The third paper, scientific ontology and epistemology, highlights that not all researches are positive accounting research, there is also interpretive research, which mainly answers the open-ended questions. This paper shows that the positive accounting research cannot work on its own and requires support from other research methods. To conduct a successful positive accounting research the author has highlighted three requirements as follows; the use variable models that are stringently tested the application of an analytic modeling and a shift of focus on measurement rather than testing. All the research questions formulated above lead to the issue addressed in the paper with most of them stemming from the literature review (Staff, 2016). Theoretical framework The author of the paper has adequately included materials from other sources in the way of reviewing them; disciplined framework mainly incorporates the work of others in a paper in order to lead the research in a way that it seeks to come up with a much better findings than previous researches. The frame on this paper is elaborating on why positive accounting research fails to capture the attention of its users. Moreover, the author addresses the broadness of the theory as well as the inefficiencies brought about by the broadness (Milne, 2002). The author has also reviewed the concept of the disciplinary matrix by (Kuhn, 1970) that suggests that positive research is a paradigm applied to solving accepted puzzles in social groups, regardless the social or intellectual reward that comes about from solving such a puzzle. The author goes ahead to cite ( Lee , 1997) who talks about the self-replicating elite and how there is no hope of the adoption of the new effective paradigm. This ded ucts the hypothesis of what is hindering the adoption of positive accounting research. To emphasize on this point the author has cited the well-known story of (Hannam, 2009). Hannam wrote about the theologians that refused to look through Galileos telescope as they thought it would show what is already known from the church doctrine or show something contrary to the teachings, as it had been corrupt by the devil. The papers theoretical framework has given the hypothesis concerning the positive accounting research, elaborated on the hypotheses and provided falsification and hypothesis testing. Moreover, the paper has addressed the requirements for a positive research program to ensure a successful positive accounting research process. (Hannam, 2009) Goes ahead to evaluate the hypothesis through various ways such as; Proper criterion To gather, reliable data a researcher should observe carefully and develop preliminary ideas. The idea will lead to the development of the formal theory that is in line with predictions that rely on the current empirical evidence. The predictions are then tested against new observations in cases where new and old theories conflict Falsification of the theory A theory may fail to answer the question, as other factors might be involved in the situation. The author cites the spacecraft lower speed that might be attributed to a gas leak, measurement error, outside forces pulling spacecraft or the whole theory might relatively be wrong. Qualitative positive research The aim of the qualitative positive research is to gather data to help in the preliminary understanding of the situation and what kind of questions should be developed. The logic and weakness of statistical hypothesis In general, there is a technical difficulty with the testing of hypothesis. The distribution of test statistics subjects to null hypothesis as it depends on auxiliary options. The effect of positive research program The author writes that hypothesis testing as commonly applied in positive accounting research provide weak evidence in support of the particular alternative hypothesis. Due to this, the writer suggests that much of what is claimed to be established might not be true. Regardless of all these shortcomings, the author has acknowledged that positive accounting research contributes to a wider scientific endeavor aiming to understand the human behavior and the complex setting of organizations in which decisions are highly dependent on specialized information as well as the control systems. Finally, in the conclusion part suggested the various ways in which the research requires adjustments for further improvement of results. The author ensures that all the suggestions are set at the end of the document to clearly help the readers understand the information on the paper before the final solution is presented. Significance and limitations of the article The paper written on positive accounting research is one of the papers whos information ought not to be kept on shelves to collect dust, but rather be keenly addressed as it has unearthed the dogmas that human beings seem to perceive hence limiting change. The theory purported by the paper is far much better as it involves observation of the real world, compared to the normative accounting that bases its findings on set policies (Melis, 2007). The timing of the paper is at its best, as most of the researchers need to incorporate various new ways of researching to come up with conclusive deductions, not as before where researches limited their areas of implementation like the sophist who were ignorant and the information they knew they kept it to themselves. On the other hand, positive accounting research has quit a number of limitations that make it less effective during its application. Some of the limitations include the broad concept that the specific theory e.g. how auditors make decisions, how they determine the fee and how managers justify their decisions. Another limitation is the fact that positive research on its own cannot deliver conclusive results and therefore require support from interpretive research to answer the open-end questions. The articles theoretical model so far it is not the best, and there is the need for a model that is highly specified (Kaplan Ruland, 1991). Conclusion The author has adequately criticized the positive research and highlighted all the various areas that the research fails to address Furthermore he has portrayed the dogmas exhibited by humans in the adoption of new ways. According to the author, positive accounting research is the much superior research compared to normative accounting research. Though positive research has not been widely embraced, there is still hope. To catalyze the adoption of this kind of a research, there is the need for few adjustments that will enable the research to be efficient. Some of the adjustments include; There is a need to provide better measurement methods to test the theoretical framework. This is because most researchers are mainly focused on other parameters and simply reduce the framework testing into mere statements. There ought to be a Shift of focus away from testing of the hypothesis and towards the estimation of parameters. For this reason, concepts require being operationalized with at most caution by use of proxies for other interesting concepts. Once a reliable way is established, it should be set as a benchmark for future researches and no need of coming up with new measurements for each study. Data archives of measurement to be provided for important concepts that have been made to test particular theories as well as contribute to the archive. The need for an archive is to ensure that careful measurements made by researchers get acknowledged as part of the discipline activity .These measurements prove worthy for future researches as well as b becomes a resource. Finally, there is a need for conducting numerous researches to validate the findings and hence come up with conclusive results. The replication of researches enables the validation of hypothesis testing hence confirming the accuracy of the measurement. Moreover, a test requires being carried out aiming to compare the theoretical framework against other studies to determine the reliability of the theoretical framework. References Avel, D. (2014). Positive accounting theory: theoretical and critical perspectives.International Journal of Critical Accounting, 6(4), p.396. BOLAND, L. and GORDON, I. (1992). Criticizing positive accounting theory.Contemporary Accounting Research, 9(1), pp.142-170. CHAMBERS, R. (1993). Positive Accounting Theory and the PA Cult.Abacus, 29(1), pp.1-26. Cheng, R. (1988).Toward a positive theory of state government accounting disclosure. 1st ed. [Philadelphia, Pa.]: [publisher not identified]. Collin, S., Tagesson, T., Andersson, A., Cato, J. and Hansson, K. (2009). Explaining the choice of accounting standards in municipal corporations: Positive accounting theory and institutional theory as competitive or concurrent theories.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 20(2), pp.141-174. Deegan, C. (2009).Financial accounting theory. 1st ed. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill. Dhaliwal, D. and Schepanski, A. (1984). On the use of positive economic theory to explain the choice of accounting methods to financial accounting students.Journal of Accounting Education, 2(2), pp.89-96. Dye, R. and Sridhar, S. (2008). A positive theory of flexibility in accounting standards.Journal of Accounting and Economics, 46(2-3), pp.312-333. Kaplan, S. and Ruland, R. (1991). Positive theory, rationality and accounting regulation.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 2(4), pp.361-374. Melis, A. (2007). Financial Statements and Positive Accounting Theory: The Early Contribution of Aldo Amaduzzi.Accounting, Business Financial History, 17(1), pp.53-62. Milne, M. (2002). Positive accounting theory, political costs And social disclosure analyses: a critical look.Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 13(3), pp.369-395. Mouck, T. (1990). Positive Accounting Theory as a Lakatosian Research Programme.Accounting and Business Research, 20(79), pp.231-239. Ram Sharan Mehta, P. (2016).Conceptual and theoretical framework. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/rsmehta/conceptual-and-theoretical-framework [Accessed 16 Dec. 2016]. Richardson, G. and O'Malley, P. (1995).Ethics and positive accounting theory. 1st ed. Waterloo, ON: Centre for Accounting Ethics, School of Accountancy, University of Waterloo. Thornton, J. (2003). User Primacy, Positive Accounting Theory, and Nonaudit Services: Evidence from the SEC's Independence Hearings.Accounting and the Public Interest, 3(1), pp.36-57. Watts, R. and Zimmerman, J. (1986).Positive accounting theory. 1st ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Staff, M. (2016).What Are the Differences Between Positive and Normative Accounting? -- The Motley Fool. [online] The Motley Fool. Available at: https://www.fool.com/knowledge-center/differences-between-positive-normative-accounting.aspx [Accessed 15 Dec. 2016].

Gayl Jones Corregidora free essay sample

Examines the novels portrayal of physical emotional liberation of the black female protagonist from an oppressive past of slavery sexism. Gayl Joness Corregidora Madhu Dubey argues that dating back to the time of the publication of Alice Walkers In Search of Our Mothers Gardens in 1974, black feminist literary critics have used the metaphor of matrilineage to authorize the construction of a black feminine literary tradition (Dubey 245). Consequently, essays by such critics tend to posit the mother as the origin of the black womens literary tradition, as well as the guarantor of the tradition through time. Dubey argues that this black feminist appropriation of the metaphor of literary matrilineage acquires special resonance from the peculiar history of black motherhood in America (245). The significance of this tradition is exemplified in a novel such as Gayl Joness Corregidora. Specifically, Jones uses the novel to demonstrate the strength of..

How Iago manipulates language to achieve his aims Essays

How Iago manipulates language to achieve his aims Essays How Iago manipulates language to achieve his aims Paper How Iago manipulates language to achieve his aims Paper a rephrasing of Saint Pauls, By the grace of God, I am what I am, with a very sinister twist. This confession is perhaps not only directed towards Roderigo, but a warning to the audience that his thus far open admissions are also not what they appear to be, an invitation to search for a deeper mtoive. Despite the truth of that line, Roderigo still choses to trust his confidante who swears by Janus and yet sows such misery and destruction. This seemingly throws Rogerigo into the open accusations of gullibility, however, it is not only he that is convinced of Iagos honest nature. His speech describing Cassios attack on Montano (2. 3. 216) has a simple quality, with plain everyday vocabulary, fluently arranged. The report he gives is accurate, bar a few minor discrepencies too subtle to dispute, but conciously inserted. For example Iago reports, He, swift of foot, outran my purpose, untrue, but cleverly prevents Iago from beign able to idenitfy the crying fellow and the parenthesis,,as it so fell out,, is skillfuly placed to remind Othello of the results of the fight. He speaks in verse to indicate the formality of the situation. Iago is often praised for his honest nature, (without which, the lies would never have been believed) and he is careful to ensure that reputation continues and his plainess of speech and grammatical clarity support this. The idea that a plain speaker tells the truth and the more eloquent speaker is not to be trusted is commonplace and through the conversations between Iago and Othello Shakespeare proves this to be false. In fact, plain speaking does not merely accompany Iagos malice, it is the very medium through which it operates. Put in a clearly difficult position, Iago ablely manages to stay in the good opinion of both Othello and Cassio. Hhis phrases, Touch me not so near and Yet surely, Cassio recieved some strange indigity convince Cassio that Iago is still loyal to him, this is essential to the next stage of Iagos plot. He also includes a weak justification for Cassios actions, But men are men which prompts Othello to believe that Iagos honesty and love doth mince this matter, further placing Cassio out of Othellos good opinion and confirming Iagos good and honest nature. Iago is able to keep the image of his honest public persona with all the characters by altring his language style to the situation, eg, the informal prose of his advice to Cassio regarding reputation, As I am an honest man, I thought you had recieved some bodily wound. There is more sense in that than in reputation. , the comic rhyming in his description of the ideal woman If she be black and thereto have a wit, / shell find a white that shall her blackness fit. Iagos shocking ability to hold on the his honest repuation lies in his masterfull manipulation of rhetorical skills. Through his soliloquies and subsequent dialogues, he reveals himself to the audience to be anything but honest, a master of connotative and metaphoric language, inflammatory imegery, emotional appeals, well placed hesitations, leading questions and meanignful repition, he has all of the skills required to carry out his vast quantity of lies. Indeed, Iago is so good at lying, it seems he is able to convince even himself that he has sound reason to destroy those around him (He believes that both Cassio and Othello have slept with his wife for example). After honest Iago is bid Good-night by Othello in Act 2, scene 3, he speaks directly to the audince in a speech which is both powerful, full of dramatic irony and repulsive. He is completely aware of the feeling he evokes and appears to relish them. He opens with a line that is simply dripping with sarcasm, And whats he that says I play the villian? ,it appears that he enjoys teasing the audience in this manner, he has the audacity to claim that his advice to Cassio to appeal to Desdemona to get his job back was exactly what a genuine friend would advise, and, frustratingly, the audience knows that he is right, horrified, they hear how this good advice will be turned against Cassio. By revealing to the audience his plan to enmesh them all, they can watch the terrible consequences of his lies unfold helplessly and Iago seems to be proud of the situation he is creating. One feels that he is only revealing his plan to them so that his twisted genius can be apprciated. This follows Samuel Coleridges view (Omniana, 1812) that Iagos motives for action were his keen sense of intellectual superiority and his love of exerting power, he does take great delight in his ability to control those around him with such appaerent ease. ANother soliloquy in which he reveals further plot developmet to the audience is in Act 3, scene 3, it begins with his dismissing his wife Emilia, Go, leave me he says after she has just given him the handkercheif which is integral to his furthering the demsie of Othello (his all-consuming goal), and yet recieves no thanks or praise from him showing the poor condition of their relationship. Iagos is perceptive and is very aware of the mechanics of human emotion and expliots these, and the character flaws of those around him, mercilessly to his advantge (eg, Roderigos infatuation with Desdemona, Cassios weak tongue for wine and reputation for womanising and Othellos free and open nature), he explains to the audience in lines 325-7, Trifles light as air are to the jealous confirmations strong as proofs of holy writ and it is on this principle he intends to plant the handkercheif on Cassio. To a critical and reasoning thinker, the evdience which the handkerchief supplies would be deemed weak however, for Othellos broken mind, coruppted by Iagos poison of words, it becomes irrefutable truth. Iago goes on to reflect upon the effect he is having on Othello, that the thoughts he is implanting in him burn like mines of sulphur, this evokes a pwerful image of Othellos sanity and mental stability aflame and destroyed. In 3. 3. 12, Othello seems to have grown tired of Iagos unfounded talk of Desdemonas infidelity, Give me a living reason shes disloyal he asks of Iago. This is a precarious situation for him, if he cannot succesfully convince Othello that he speaks the truth, all his workings thus far could be ruined. Nevertheless, Iago retains his calrity of thought and responses in a way which leave Othello unable to reply tih anything but O montrous! montrous! . Iago pleads that he does not lke the office and is spurred on helplessly like a beast by foolish honesty and love. He has already laid the foundation of evidence for his claim by ensuring he has been portrayed as honest in other situations and so, from past experience, it is not surprising that Othello supposes him truthful this time also. Iago knows that this will be the case and tells a story, believable, but false, of Cassio dreaming of Desdemona. He, as has become expected, describes and develops his lies in a very powerful manner which forces Othello to imagine his wife and Cassio togeter, kiss me hard, lay his leg over my thigh, troubling for any person in a relationship to consider. Iago combines this with copious repitition, kiss me, kisses by, and kiss, to ensure there is no way that Othello can avoid these destructive thoughts. Act 4, Scene 1 is the scene which sees the complete errorsion of Othellos mental faculties, his language becomes fractured and inarticulate Noses, ears, and lips. Ist possible? Confes! -Handkercheif! -Oh, devil! -, revealing his own fragmented state of mind, this, from an Elizabethan playwright, is quite a stylistically modern technique. Iago abuses Othellos obvious growing weakness ruthlessly, using all manner of lingustical tachnique to destroy him completely, reducing him to a fit of epilepsy. In lines 2-3, he uses very explicit and detailed language to force Othello to visualise the situation, making it much more immediate and real to him and therefore alos more distressing. Another technique used to manipulate Othellos thought pattern is in the mulittude of unfinshed sentences used from lines 10-32, He did -, give my wife a handkerchief - as just two examples. This is an incredible clever usage of hanging sentences as not only does it spur Othello to naturally proced to finish the sentence, but it also means that he forms his own conclusions, leaving Iago free from blame. Iago feeds Othello informations little by little, he does not simply say all that is needed at once, but prolongs his speech. This is an incredibly effective manipulative technique and ensures that from the begining of the scene riht up until Othello falls into aq trance is a conversation of increasing suspense, with Iagp almost gently prompting him into his epilepsy and the unintelligable speech beforehand. The complete destruction of Othellos articulation shows the possesion and control that Iago now has over Othello. Language is inextricably linked with identity, it is the form in which we communicates and interacts with the world and people surrounding us. That Othello has lost the ability to control his own language reflects how he has also lost his identity which now belongs to and is being controlled by Iago. Othello is aware that he is no longer the man he used to be so to speak, as this speech reveals; I had been happy if the general camp, Pioneers and all, had tasted her sweet body, So I had nothing known. Oh, now forever Farewell the tranquil mind! Farewell content! Farewell the plumi d troops and the big wars That makes ambition virtue! Oh, farewell! Farewell the neighing steed and the shrill trump, The spirit-stirring drum, th ear-piercing fife, The royal banner, and all quality, Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war! And O you mortal engines, whose rude throats The immortal Joves dead clamors counterfeit, Farewell! Othellos occupations gone. (3. 3. 360) One of the finest examples of this prompting technique is shown with the one word sentence Lie. The double entendre and ambiguity this sentence posseses makes for an incredibly dramtic moment which completes Othellos humilating demise from the honourable war hero he once was. Iago, unsuprisingly, manages to cover himself against every lie that he utters, after all he is not providing Othello with any factual evidence, merely hearsay, which is no more than he [Cassio] will unswear. For a man as broken as Othello now is, it seems fact is no longer a condition required for judgement and decision, even that of murder. Throughout the play, Iago has skilfully displayed his ability to control the actions, and in Othellos case, the thoughts of the other characters in the play, all of which has been done through his control of lanaguage, he has updated the auidence throughout, with his ongoing plans with a sadistic enthuisiasm. So when, in the final scene, the plotting and scheming which he has wholeheartely devoted himself to unravels around his feet, Iago always eager to have the upper hand, tries to retaing what little control he still can by vowing silence. This ensures that neither the charcters, nor the audience, can know Iagos true motivations for his seeming inherent desire to do evil.

Are Enlightenment values universal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Are Enlightenment values universal - Essay Example For this ground, Enlightenment values have by far, to this point, been inevitably embedded on culture under several aspects of living. The post-Renaissance curiosity in an in-depth study of man and the world after the rebirth of learning and rigorous inquisitions herein designate emphasis on humanities and the quest for means to put knowledge to practical use. Such movement toward intellectual revolution, which was mostly regarded as secularistic by nature, causing progressive changes to humanity proceeded out of several factors. For one, increase in the number of academic institutions across the 18th century Europe and North America generated more intellectual people and scholars capable of questioning the prevailing ideologies of the time based upon prominent fields as science, politics, and religion. Enlightenment was also promoted via the extensive publication of printed texts either as periodicals or books where the bulk of information read prompted and encouraged the general pu blic to express various opinions or insights on the subject matter of worldwide interest. People of middle-class society augmented in number as well and favored being financial supporters of scientists, inventors, and humanism artists. Moreover, men became further inclined to adopt materialism in the form of industries, objects of scientific innovation, and ideas the trade for prosperity of which had been made feasible by the pioneering geniuses of the socio-political, economic, and scientific disciplines. These causes primarily developed the foundations of Enlightenment along with its associated values found through the process of rationalization. At this crucial stage, 18th-century life and beyond was bound to experience and appreciate a profound sense of critical and creative mode of thinking in seeking to be stimulated by the beauty of reason. Eventually, there emerged a growing individual advocacy for human freedom upon discovery of the universal impact of reasoning according t o the basic principles of Enlightenment as perceived in rationalism, naturalism, materialism, optimism, and humanitarianism. By considering reason and science in the systematic process of acquiring knowledge and solving problems of humanity within diverse culture, Enlightenment is claimed to free humanity from the darkness of ignorance. With this end came departure from the burden of false beliefs and the destructive influence of illogical prejudices and superstition on the argument that secular society where liberty, equality, and democracy exist with scholastic endeavor potentially transforms human condition in which the miserable state of poverty and sickness is addressed. Universal ethical norms proposed by the 18th-century intellectuals thereafter transcend the narrow confines of race, color, sex, religion, and ethnicity for instance and such would not have been possible in the absence of Enlightenment values which altogether illumined Europe and brought the Western World to th e heights of drastic progress and advanced rate of modern civilization (Igwe). On the basis of one of the seven core ideals, ‘all human beings possess the ability to be enlightened’. Therefore, ‘enlightenment is universal’

European Union Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

European Union Law - Essay Example Christian is a registered Danish citizen. Consequently, Denmark is an EU member country. The logic now sails through that Christian has the right to reside in the UK alongside his family. According to the EU charter Article 21(1) TFEU, every citizen of a country that is member of the EU has the right to move and also reside in any country that is a member of the union; however, the rights are subject to conditions laid down by the treaty.3 This clause states that citizens of member countries are not supposed to be distinguished by services offered by the state. In fact, the state is supposed to treat them as equals with the citizens, with equal employment opportunities, social security and other citizenship privileges. The law extends to the fact that any EU citizen can complain about services offered in the country in which he or she is a resident and a taxpayer. The carter provides for free passage and residence as long as; the person does not pose a public policy risk and is not a strain of public finances. Since he is not dependent and has a level of employable skills, Christian can reside in the UK indefinitely. Minh is a legal wife to Christian. Under EU law, a person married to a citizen of an EU member country gains automatic access to privileges enjoyed by citizens of the EU countries. In this regard, Minh has the legal right to stay in the UK as long as she is Christian wife. The EU recognizes the social setting and importance of incorporating family members who are not citizens of EU member countries. This applies and is limited to the nuclear family which includes parents and children. The only requirement to officiate the union is the presence of a marriage certificate from a recognized source that state the couple is in a familial relationship. Available information show that Minh has tried to apply for employment at a London college. It implies that she legible under UK labor laws to work and reside in the country. Therefore,

An evaluation of the law surrounding forced marriages Essay

An evaluation of the law surrounding forced marriages - Essay Example Although, the government through legislation has tried to discourage forced marriages, these policy measures have been ineffective in eradicating the dehumanising practice. This difficult in ending the tradition comes from the fact that the forced marriage is deeply rooted culture in the minority groups. According to the United Nations, Forced marriage consists a violation of individuals’ human rights. Forced marriages also violate the rights of children some of whom are forced into marriages before they even reach the age of 10. Legislative response that really tries to address the problem has only been enacted recently, but they still do not provide enough cover for individuals in forced marriages or under threat of being married forcefully. In 2007, the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act) was passed where victims could obtain protection orders from courts. Recently, the Conservative government has announced plans to make forced marriage a criminal offence. This paper cr itically analyzes legislative attempts by successive UK government to respond to the problem of forced marriages among minority groups. Secondly, it critically analyzes the proposed attempt to make forced marriage a criminal offence. ... a Nobleman could only marry a noblewoman.1 To retain and consolidate power noble families encouraged and coerced their children to intermarry. However, with cultural advancement these practices were disappeared before any legal policy could be articulated to address the issue. Nobody envisioned that hundreds of years later a modern British society would be grappling with the problem of forced marriages. In the present and the last century, UK society made the first legal attempt to discourage forced marriage in 1949. In the Marriage Act 1949 prohibited marriages between parties below the age of 16 in section 2.2 This law was strengthened in the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 in Section 11 (a) (ii) put the age of consent for marriage at 16. The 1973 Act also provided protection for individuals below the age of 18 requiring the consent of a legal representative3. Under the matrimonial causes act an individual aged between 16 and 18 has the right to obtain consent for marriage through a co urt order, if the legal representative unreasonably refuses consent4. In the 1973 Act, all matrimonial relationship must start through the free consent of both parties. In Section 12, the 1973 Act prohibits vitiating of consent by other factors like violence or pregnancy. In the 1960’s UK governments made further legal changes to address the issue as immigrant communities continued to increase their number in the UK. In 1962, the UK signed the United Nations Convention to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration5. The convention came into force two years later in 1964 and was adopted by the UK in 1970. Later in 1969 the UK passed the Family Law Reform Act 1969 defined a person under the age of 18 as a minor. Under this definition a minor

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay

Basic Approaches And Contemporary Issues In Leadership Management Essay The first complete contingency model for leadership was presented in 1967 by Fred Fiedlers. His contingency hypothesis was the first to identify how situational factors interrelate with the traits and behaviors of leaders to have an impact on the effectiveness of leadership. The theory proposed that the favorability of the circumstances is what decides how effective the task and the behavior of the person-oriented leader will be. Favorability is established by (1) the amount of trust and respect that devotees or rather followers have for their leaders; (2) the degree to which the responsibilities of individuals who are second to the leader can be organized and the performance measured; and (3) the power that the leader has over the rewards of followers. The circumstances is most encouraging when subordinates have trust and respect for their leaders, respect and trust the leader, the job is greatly structured, and the control over rewards and punishment is held by the leader (Barnett, 2010). The research done by Fiedler showed that leaders who were task-oriented were more valuable and effective when there was either an extremely favorable or extremely unfavorable circumstance, however, leaders who were person-oriented were more valuable if the circumstances were either moderately favorable, or unfavorable. This hypothesis did not really suggest that in various situations, the leader could become accustomed to their leadership styles, but rather that leaders who had various styles would be more valuable when they are put in situations that go with the leadership style that they prefer (Barnett, 2010). Fiedler is of the assumption that the leadership style of an individual is fixed because if the circumstance has a need for someone who is task-oriented but the person who is in that leadership position is relationship-oriented, then either the leader has to be changed or the situation needs to be altered (Robbins, Judge, 2009, pg. 292-293). Following the assessment of the basic leadership style via the lease preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire, Feidler recognized three possible dimensions that, according to his argument, describe the main situational factors that establish the effectiveness of leadership (Robbins Judge, 2009). These three factors include the following: Leader-member relations: The extent to which the followers trust and like the leader, and the readiness and eagerness of the followers to be guided by the follower. Task structure: The extent to which the followers job has been portrayed as either organized or disorganized; and Position power: The leaders power by virtue of the position in the organization and the extent to which, as the leader, he or she can implement power on followers so that they obey and receive the leaders guidance and leadership (Feidlers contingency model, 2009). Feidlers position is that leader-member relations are either good or poor, task structure is either high or low and position power is either strong or week. The healthier the relationship between the leader and followers the more organized the job will be and the more resilient the position of power the more command the leader will have (Robbins, Judge, 2009). Fielder has recently reinterpreted his first hypothesis which he called Cognitive Resource Theory. With this theory he places emphasis on the role that stress plays in situational unfavorableness and how the brain power and know how of the leader effect the way that he or she reacts to stress. The real meaning of this hypothesis us that stress is the adversary of reasonableness, and it is hard for leaders, among others, to think rational and be able to analyze situations when they are under stress. Fielder et al noted that the rational ableness of a leader correlate in a positive manner and their performance is better when they are dealing with low stress situations than when they are dealing with high stress; so the whether the intellect and know how of an individual has any bearing on the performance of leadership is determined by the level of stress. Other studies corroborated the fact that when the level of stress is low and the leader instructed followers on what he needed done, intellect was key to the effectiveness of the leader, but if the circumstance was a high stress one then intellect did not help as much because the leaders thought process was strained. In the same manner, if the leader does not tell his followers what he wants done then intellect do not help because of his reluctance (Robbins, Judge, 2009). The recommendation of Feidler is that organizations employ and choose persons with the essential intellect, know how, and understanding, and then allow those individuals to work under those situations that let them use the resources that they have cognitively. Additionally, the feeling that the leader has of being in control of the circumstance and the level of stress that he is experiencing is essential (Carter, III, 2006). What type of leader characteristic (more intelligent vs. more experienced) is most suited for high-stress incidents? What type of leader (more intelligent vs. more experienced) is best suited for low-stress planned incidents? When giving your answers provide a detailed example of a police leadership position that would fit the leadership style of more intelligent and more experienced.  Ã‚   The leader characteristic most suited for high-stress incidents is more experienced. Feilders Cognitive Resource Theory proposes the significance of situational stress and intellect in identifying with the effectiveness of leadership. Stress makes it hard for individuals to think in a logical manner. As a result, if a situation continues to get more and more stressful then subordinates functioning and judgment will worsen and breakdown. This hypothesis predicts that individuals or groups led by leaders who are smart will function better under situations that are low stressed, and individuals or groups that are led by average leaders will function better in situations that are high stress. While this assumption might seem to argue against perceptiveness, there is a rational justification: Infertile, canned, pre -arranged, secure, or labeled resolutions have a tendency to work out better when the situations are stressful, because they do not rely on either the leaders or followers reas oning, brain power, and inventiveness to work correctly. Meanwhile, when there is an availability of time and resources more artistic solutions are likely to produce a more favorable end result. In essence, an experienced leader must be able to think quickly and critically while being able to make snap decisions at a moments notice. Understand that this hypothesis is not proposing that intellectual leadership is not an important factor in the well being of the company! It is only proposing that times that are stressful are not the most excellent times for the artistic solving of problems. The efficiency of groups can be best maintained when there are stressful situations by generating and carrying out schedules which can be followed by employees as much as possible. The key point here is that intellectual decision making have a tendency to worsen under stress (Mills, 1995). The leadership style that I think would suit the leadership style of more experienced is that of a Swat Team Leader. According to Feidler, individuals or groups that are led by average leaders will function better in situations that are high stress. If for instance there is a hostage situation which in its own right is a very stressful situation because it takes hours of trying to talk down the hostage taker, and the swat leader makes a decision to enter the premises where the hostage taker and hostages are housed, it takes a lot of courage to go through a door knowing that the offender is on the other side waiting to kill you. Sometimes if the hostage taker refuses to talk to authorities they will be unaware of the number of hostage takers inside and also if there are any weapons inside it is hard to say how many and what kind. The leader most suited for low stressed planned incidents is more intelligent. Feidlers theory states that if followers are led by and individual who is smart then they will function better under low stressed circumstances because functioning and judgment will be better as individuals will then have the opportunity to think reasonably and rationally while making sense of the situation that may have presented itself. Fiedler noted that experience weakens functioning in situations that are low stressed. However, it plays a role in situations that are high stressed (Mills, 1995). The position that comes to mind when I think about the more intelligent leader is that of a crime scene investigator. Crime scene investigators investigate and solves crimes. They spend time developing a hypothesis about what happened, when it happened, why it happened, and who did it. They seek to analyze information found at the crime scene and other information given to them in terms of witnesses and confidential informants. I think that the most stressful times of this type of job could come with things like when investigators have to work on a case for long hours or when one has to go to court and testify as an expert witness, or when there is a lack of evidence, other than that I would have to say that the standard level of stress for this position is low. According to Feilder, stress makes it difficult for individuals to think in a logical manner, so if investigators are constantly under stress then they will not be able to think clearly while making sense of bits and pieces o f information to solve crimes. Next, in your own words, define, discuss, and provide a scenario in a CJ organization of Transactional Leadership, Transformational Leadership, and Visionary Leadership. Transactional leadership is when individuals do work only because there is something in it for them, like a reward and no other reason, so the main focus of transactional leadership is to plan jobs and reward construction. With this type of leadership it does not really allow leaders and employees to build a relationship neither does it allow for an environment where people are motivated and want to work long term because as soon as there is no more rewards then the motivation to do the work is also gone. Many organizations use transactional leadership every day in order to get work done. When transactional leaders set goals for their teams he or she also promises a reward for completing these goals and it is also up to the leader to boost employees one the work is completed in a successful manner. For example, may people in criminal justice organizations may simply be working for a paycheck, and remain totally hands-off until a lack of production threatens their pay check. Transformational leadership is when the leaders are highly motivated and they are also trusted by the employees and other management personnel alike. A leader who uses this type of leadership style is someone who establishes goals that are clear and precise, supports, inspires, and encourages employees, helps individuals to realize that it is not about them because there is no I in team, but that it is about the group as a whole, has the expectation that his team must do their best, notices when a job is well done and also recognizes the individual that put out good work, and also, if the leader has a vision he clearly relates this to the team members. Transformational leaders are proactive rather than reactive. For example, a charismatic leader in a criminal justice organization may act as a role model and inspire co-investigators and other law implementers to live up to their highest standards and then go beyond those standards not only for the benefit of the organization but also towards social well being and peace keeping. Visionary leadership amplifies competence because it the responsibility of decision making to the forefront. In order to make the responsibility at the frontline effective, the visionary leader has to allow employees to build excellent decision making skills while trusting them in the process. A visionary leader recognizes opportunities of challenges and growth even prior to it happening and places people in positions that will allow them to turn out astonishing outcomes. Visionary leaders places emphasis on tomorrow and comprise greatness.

Muckrakers :: essays research papers

Muckrakers were early twentieth-century reformers whose 1 mission was to look for and uncover political and business corruption. The term muckraker, which referred to the "man with a muckrake" in John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, was first used in a pejorative sense by Theodore Roosevelt, whose opinion of the muckrakers was that they were biased and overreacting. The movement began about 1902 and died down by 1917. Despite its brief duration, however, it had a significant impact on the political, commercial, and even literary climate of the period. 2 Many popular magazines featured articles whose purpose was 3 to expose corruption. Some of these muckraking periodicals included The Arena, Everybody's, The Independent, and McClure's. Lincoln Steffens, managing editor of McClure's (and later associate editor of American Magazine and Everybody's), was an important leader of the muckraking movement. Some of his exposà ©s were collected in his 1904 book The Shame of the Cities and in two other volumes, and his 1931 autobiography also discusses the corruption he uncovered and the development of the muckraking movement. Ida Tarbell, another noted muckraker, wrote a number of articles for McClure's, some of which were gathered in her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company. Muckraking appeared in fiction as well. David Graham Phillips, 4 who began his career as a newspaperman, went on to write muckraking magazine articles and eventually novels about contemporary economic, political, and social problems such as insurance scandals, state and municipal corruption, shady Wall Street dealings, slum life, and women's emancipation. Perhaps the best-known muckraking novel was Upton Sinclair's 5 The Jungle, the 1906 exposà © of the Chicago meatpacking industry. The novel focuses on an immigrant family and sympathetically and realistically describes their struggles with loan sharks and others who take advantage of their innocence. More importantly, Sinclair graphically describes the brutal working conditions of those who find work in the stockyards. Sinclair's description of the main character's

Investigating how Businesses work Essay

Introduction For this assignment I am investigating how Marks and Spencer plc works, and I will look at its aims and objectives, functional areas, employment law, communication methods and organisational structure of the company. Marks and Spencer is a publicly owned company in the retail sector. It is in the retail industry and is a large company. The company has been running for many years. Marks and Spencer is one of the UK’s leading retailers of clothing, foods, homeware and financial services. It serves 10 million customers a week over 300 UK stores. Aims and objectives All businesses have aims, this helps them achieve and reach their targets to make their business successful. Therefore Marks and Spencer’s aim is to attract the customers with appealing, superior quality products at attractive prices. They do this by creating exclusive products for the customers. The company aims to put the customer first in everything they do and offer the highest values of customer care in order to satisfy them. In order to achieve the aims, businesses need to decide what objectives to take to help them. According to Marks and Spencer’s objectives are to: 1. Deliver the agreed minimum customer service standards 2. Carry out and develop new systems 3. Reduce theft and loss 4. Create a visually exciting store 5. Permit people 6. Improve effectiveness through managing risk 7. Recruit the right people to provide service standards 8. Deliver customer focused training Functional Areas In large businesses people work as a team in order to help the business run smoothly and effectively, they work together in different functional areas which relate to them. Businesses have these functional areas to help them achieve their aims and objectives. I will be looking at four functional areas, which are: 1. Human Resources 2. Finance 3. Marketing and Sales 4. Administration Human Resources Human Resources are involved with the staffs that work for the company. The staffs in this area are important because they are partly responsible for keeping the business successful. The Human Resources staffs are involved in: * Recruitment * Working conditions * Health and safety * Training and development * Employee organisations and unions Recruitment Vacancies for Marks and Spencer are mainly advertised in recruitment agencies, local or national newspaper, local job centres and careers offices. Marks and Spencer has a company policy to reply to every application sent. These applications are filed for 3 months and then are destroyed so applicants will have to reapply every 12 weeks. There are three ways to apply for a position in store management. You must be either a graduate/undergraduate with a degree or HND and GCSE Maths and English grade C+. For school or college leavers, with A Levels and GCSE Maths and English C+. Marks and Spencer look for people with high standards, who will enjoy working in the retail environment and they look for people who are good with customers or at customer service and people who will work harmoniously in a team. Working Conditions Marks and Spencer has several of working conditions, these include holiday entitlement, hours of work, pay etc. All staff, including temporary and permanent, is entitled to a holiday each year. This holiday entitlement runs from April 1st to March 31st. You can take a holiday if you have a contract of 13 weeks or more. Marks and Spencer has a store policy that all staff should plan and book their holiday in advance because the store operates on a first come first serve basis. They need to book their holiday before to avoid any disappointments. Health and Safety Many health services at Marks and Spencer are provided for the staff such as the staff doctor, store dentist and smear tests for the female staff. The staff doctor attends the store regularly to help and give advice. All staff is entitled to make an appointment if they wish to see the doctor. Every 6 months the store dentist also attends the store for a routine check. He will recommend treatment to staff if needed. A private medical is available to all permanent staff. Cervical smears are available for the female staff and wives of male employees every 3 years. Training and Development Marks and Spencer provide staff with training opportunities. The NVQ programme was one of the largest training programmes they had. At Marks and Spencer, people skills are important whoever you come into contact with, such as customers, suppliers or members of the staff. Employee Organisations and Trade Unions The employees do not officially have union representation, but are entitled to join a union if they wish to. The company wishes all its contacts with unions to be conducted in a decent and co-operative manner. It is illegal for management to interfere with the right of an individual to belong to an independent union as defined in the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1976. The types of job roles in human resources are: Job Title Job Role Human resources Managing the HR department and staff, involved with Manager industrial relations and trade unions negotiations, Implementing the organisations HR policies. Training/staff Responsible for training and staff development. development Health and safety Overseeing all the health and safety matters and Officer monitoring Personnel/staffing Keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare officer HR administrative Administrative work relating to the human resources Assistants function. Finance Businesses need to manage and control the money coming in and going out of the business. They also need to understand this information in order to plan what to do next and to see if they need to make any changes. All businesses deal with: * Preparing accounts * Paying wages and salaries * Obtaining capital and resources. The major sources of finance include back profits, shares, banking facilities, hire purchase/leasing and trade credits. Preparing accounts The finance staffs at Marks and Spencer have to deal with a range of activities related to checking and recording of all amounts of money received and paid. These are entered into an account each customer has. When money is being received it is banked as soon as possible and also is checked carefully and recorded against each item sold and against each customer’s account. Every Business including Marks and Spencer has to pay its own bills. They will owe money for raw materials used in the manufacture of a product and for the services it uses. Paying wages and salaries Wages and Salaries are done by a computerised procedure. Marks and Spencer pay their staff monthly direct into their bank account, using a system called credit transfer. The company’s bank transfers money to all the employee’s accounts. The bank keeps payroll records, which shows how much each staff earns and how much they are meant to be paid, this helps the bank to transfer the right amount of money into the staff account. Obtaining capital and resources Capital is the money the owner puts into Marks and Spencer. This will be needed when the business starts trading. The money buys all the requirements Marks and Spencer needs. When the business starts to trade and make a profit, the profit is used to buy new stock to sell and also saved incase the company wants to buy new equipment. The job roles in finance are: Job Title Job Role Finance Director Giving advice to senior managers on the overall financial Policy of the organisation. Financial Manager Managing the finance function and staff. Advising on financial resources. Management Producing continuous financial information for Accountant management Credit controller Advising on credit policies. Ensuring that money owing to the company is kept within agreed levels. Payroll Responsible for overseeing the company payroll and Administrator salary/wage section. Ledger Clerks Assist the chief accountant in the recording of all financial transactions. Marketing and Sales Businesses carry out a range of activities to identify the customer’s needs and then try to provide for them. These activities include: * Market research * Promotion * Sales promotion Market Research Marks and Spencer has a separate department, which is involved with market research. Market research deals with customer feedback and external agencies. Other types of market research that are used at Marks and Spencer are through credit card, database, direct mailing, and telephone and through the customer services department. Market research can be carried out through primary and secondary research. Promotion Marks and Spencer have to decide how to promote their products, this usually depends on the type of product or service they want to promote Marks and Spencer advertise its promotion through corporate advertising, for example with seasonal products like strawberries in the summer. The major markets are the consumer markets worldwide but Marks and Spencer find their main shoppers are middle aged, middle class and female. Sales Promotion Sales promotions are campaigns, which offer special discounts and attract customers to try a new a product. Sale promotions at Marks and Spencer include offering free samples of food, special discounts and offers. Marks and Spencer set up campaigns for a few reasons such as attracting more buyers but mainly if a new product is not selling as well as it should be then the campaign is set up. The major customers for the products are the general public. The job roles involved in Marketing and Sales are: Job Title Job Role Marketing director Responsible for the overall marketing function and its aims and objectives. Sales manager Responsible for sales staff and the achievement of sales targets, often within the UK. Advertising In charge with advertising and agency staff over Manager publicity campaign. Export manager Responsible for overseas agents and the achievement of sales targets overseas. Market Find out consumer opinions on current and proposal Researchers goods and services. Order clerks Accept and process sale orders Administration The administration function helps a business run smoothly from day to day and keeping things up to date. It covers a number of different tasks including: * Clerical work, collecting mail, keeping records, organising meetings, responding to enquiries * Cleaning, maintenance and security Clerical work Every day Marks and Spencer would receive telephone calls that need to be answered, mails that needs opening and replying, a list of tasks to do, visitors that arrive at the reception some without a appointment, Fax messages, documents to sort out and need to prepare and documents that need updating etc. Every morning Marks and Spencer receive a number of mails, these mails are then sorted correctly, date stamped then delivered to different departments and individual staff. Marks and Spencer also arrange for their mail to be collected to sent out at a certain time. Marks and Spencer receive enquiries from a variety of people, companies and also other people from inside the organisation departments. Marks and Spencer try to answer these enquiries quickly with correct information. Marks and Spencer has a large amount of documents produce by organisations such as forms, fax/telephone messages, letters and reports. These documents are then filed and some are stored in the computer. Cleaning and maintenance Marks and Spencer employ cleaners to do routine cleaning duties. Some employees do the basic cleaning and the others don’t. If a cleaner is off sick, the supplier has to replace them as part of their contract. Security Marks and Spencer security staff are not employed by the company but by a specialist security firm. The responsibility of the firm is training and supply. The security staffs are responsible for patrolling the premises. The job roles involved in Administration are: Job Title Job Role Administration Managing the administration operations of the Manager organisation. Company A senior executive responsible for all legal affairs of the secretary company, dealing with shareholders, insurance and organising meetings. IT manager Managing all the IT requirements of the company, including Equipment and advising on future needs. PA/secretarial Responsible for providing secretarial and administrative Staff support, usually to senior managers. Equal opportunities and employment legislation Recruiting and keeping the right employees is important to every business. Both employers and employees have rights and responsibilities. These are safeguarded by employment law, not only by employee organisations and unions. The 4 main Acts are: 1. The Employment Rights Act 1996 2. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 3. The Race Relations Act 1976 4. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 The Employment Rights Act 1996 This act establishes a wide range of rights that employees have when they are being employed, for example: * The right to a contract of employment must be given within two months of starting employment and must include details such as name of employee and employer, date when employment began, rate of pay and when its due, hours of work, sick pay etc. * All female employees have the right to maternity leave, this can be up to 29 weeks and also can return to work afterwards. * Employees have the right to take time off to look for a new job, attending interviews and still be paid. * Employees have the right not to be unfairly dismissed. * Employees have the right to redundancy payments if an employee is dismissed because the job is no longer available. The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 This act makes it illegal for anyone to be discriminated against someone on the grounds of gender either directly or indirectly. In employment this applies to recruitment and selection for jobs and promotion, training the way you are treated in a job, dismissal and redundancy. The Race Relations Act 1976 This act makes it unlawful to discriminate against people of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. In the track of employment it is unlawful to discriminate in the arrangements for employment, which are: * In the interview or advisement’s * In the terms of employment * By refusing employment because of colour, race, nationality or ethnic origin. * In promotion and training * By dismissing a person The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 This act is concerned with discrimination against people with disabilities in employment. The disability may be physical, sensory or mental but must be relatively long-term. Employers must not treat a disabled person less favourable than others. Employers must be prepared to make reasonable adjustments to the workplace to help the disabled person do the job. Disabled persons who suffer discrimination can complain to an employment tribunal. Below are some examples of how employees at Marks and Spencer are protected by these Acts: 1st example A female staff from Marks and Spencer was pregnant and she was due to a maternity leave as agreed on for 30 weeks, she carried on working for a couple of weeks before she was due to the leave. When she took that leave, it happened to be longer than she thought, she had to take an extra few weeks of and when she came back, the job was still there for her. 2nd example New black female staffs were starting work at Marks and Spencer. On her first day, she needed to be trained and taught about the health and safety matters, this had to be done by a health and safety officer from Marks and Spencer. When she met the officer, he wasn’t very welcoming and didn’t seem pleased. He showed her around but the woman thought he wasn’t explaining very clearly and she was worried because she wouldn’t know exactly what to do if there was a fire, so she reported this to the employer and it seemed that he didn’t give her the full instructions, so another officer had to be arranged to train her. 3rd example A man applied for a job at Marks and Spencer, he was unsure whether he would get the job because of his disability problem but when they called him in for an interview he was surprised. They discussed his disability problem and the arrangements for him to work, so in the end they gave him a part time job, which he was very pleased about. Communication People working in different functional areas have to communicate with each other as well as with people outside the business such as customers and suppliers. In order to keeps the business running smoothly and effectively they need to keep the other people in the business well informed, to do this they might use: Internal External Telephone Telephone E-mail E-mail Pager Advertisement Face to face Internet Advertisement Fax Interview Letter Memo Video conferencing Notice Intranet Meeting Marks and Spencer Internal methods of communication to different functional areas are the telephone, email, fax machine, verbal meetings and appointments and also video conferencing, which are used around the country to save time on travelling and costs. The management team spend a high amount of time on the sales floor visiting various sections to see supervisors and staff. Marks and Spencer external communications include letters received from the charities, they receive about 10,000 appeals for support every year. External communications also include project work, Equal opportunities and also the company support projects, which help the elderly and the young and also people with special needs and those who require help in the members of the community. Due to the rising number of communications throughout the company, the communication problems have been encountered and one of the biggest problems has been to ensure everyone is informed. Due to the speed of the business, Marks and Spencer have to ensure that all the staffs try to ensure professional communication by being prepared and organised. The developments Marks and Spencer now have in mind is to improve and make communications more better through e-mail, to improve the in store telephone and the bleep systems such as changing to mobile phones and a speed dial network system. Below is a diagram showing how the functional areas communicate with each other externally and internally. Functional Type of Reason why Area communication Human -Telephone Confidentiality Resources -face to face Urgent -Letter Fast and easy to use -Meeting Saves time to talk to individuals Finance -Letter Security -E-mail Confidentiality -Meeting Get feedback from people quick Administration -Fax can be kept for future reference -Letter evidence and can be copied. -Email convenient while on the computer Marketing and -Meeting Group discussion, more ideas to share Sales Different functional areas use different communicational methods to communicate with each other, this is because employers need to know which type of communication to use for each purpose. For example, human resources might use the telephone or letter to communicate with a different functional area because it might be confidential, this way no confidential information is being reached out of the organisation. And also if a letter is being used, this can be kept for future reference and hard evidence for any purpose. Another type of communication is a meeting; this can save a lot of time and can get feedback from the people at the meeting immediately. Meetings also save time on having to discuss things individually. These types of communication can help Marks and Spencer achieve their aims and objectives, one of the main aims of Marks and Spencer is to put the customers first and to offer the highest values in customer care to satisfy them. To achieve this aim, Marks and Spencer keep the flow of information within the company, they keep the right people informed with up to date information so that when customers ask for certain information it will be as accurate as possible. The Marketing and Sales functional area keep the staff informed about the current range and prices of products for the benefit of the customers. When an order is being received, they pass it on to be sorted in order. To meet the needs of the customers, the staff’s listens to what customers have to say whether it is a good or bad thing and take that into account. Staff at Marks and Spencer has meetings to discuss any problems whether concerning about the customers or other matters so they can solve the problem maybe for the benefit of the customers who shop at Marks and Spencer. Organisational Structure of Marks and Spencer To make the business run successfully without any chaos, they organise their employees in functional areas and section so they know what to do. This helps the business to make decisions and carry them out. Every business has its own way of structure. Hierarchy Structure Marks and Spencer organisational structure of the business is a hierarchy structure, which is tall and has a number of levels. This type of structure may be large but also has some disadvantages as well as advantages within this structure. Below are the advantages and disadvantages. Advantages * Clear job role and lines of responsibility * Each level will have different opinions so therefore more ideas * Clear pay structure * A large number of colleagues * A range of facilities * Good promotion Disadvantages * Slow communication flow. If any staffs require information, this could take time. * Slow reaction to changes and challenges because many people have to be informed whether decisions or changes were going to be made. * Staff at a lower level may feel the manager at the top has no idea what they think or do Flat Structure Here is an organisational structure of a small company. As you can see, this structure is small and does not have many levels. This type of structure is called a Flat structure. This is very much different to the Marks and Spencer structure because Marks and Spencer is a large company. From the diagram structure we can tell that the company is rather small and has fewer levels. But there are also some advantages as well as disadvantages within this structure. Below are a list of the advantages and disadvantages of a flat structure. Advantages * Communication is quicker and more accurate * Good at responding quickly to new ideas and customer needs * Operate quite easily * Less management cost * Flexible working hours Disadvantages * Business is small * No one to share ideas with * May experience problems with shortage of staff if business is expanding.

buy custom The Impacts of Changing Software Requirements essay

buy custom The Impacts of Changing Software Requirements essay The issue of new changes to be introduced into the system should be addressed during the earlier stages than at the late stages of the software development life circle. The later a change is addressed, the greater the cost, risk and duration of the project. The first scenario depicts some stakeholders (the project team leaders) as being part of the source of the feature creep introduction. The company signs an agreement that was not initially part of the deal. This issue has both its advantages and disadvantages. Starting with the advantages, the company has decided to adopt a framework that is in line with the ADA and section 508. This is a great deal as it provides for more user needs and standards. The feature creep in this case helps achieve the business goal as well as the customer needs. It as well aids in advancing the project to fit into its ideal problem solving state. Based on various techniques, a team through their leader can cope up with the changes and come up with a strategy that will allow them to deliver the software according to the new requirements. First of all, on the start of the project, the team has a mandate to accept that feature creep is part of the project so, prepare in advance. Secondly, they can commit enough time to the requirements elicitation. While performing the intensve requirements analysis, they should also consider the boundaries to changes and when they can be made. Meanwhile, the team should remain task-oriented and consider the customer as right while taking on a lot of research before deciding to commit. On the other hand, the feature creep has negative impacts on the developing team. First of all, additional costs have to be incurred. The developers possibly have to fix the new requirements beginning with the point of integration of the new idea. The project takes more time than the initially decided time and more risks have to be incurred. This leads to delay in the project delivery an altered project milestone results. Most programming languages have a steep learning overhead hence new suggestions would put everything on hold. This leads into the team members frustration especially in the case where they were not consulted. It is therefore necessary to have the project team aware of any consultations and their directions. In the second scenario, the Contents Management System, a scope creep is introduced into the system. The project is now meant to handle more Operating Systems based on a web platform. The result of this is additional development expenses and time introduced into the system. In addition, the complexity of the system becomes a question. Before anything can be done with the suggestions that have been made, it is necessary to carry out a change analysis. The requirements must be considered so that the product satisfies the clients needs. Some changes may be critical to a system so, they must be included whereas some are optional hence can be included in a version of the software. Any alternative that is taken has an impact on the design. First, there is a time taken to decide on which option to take. Secondly, there are new risks that are introduced into the projects design phase. The design may be produced in a manner that doesnt satisfy the customers need. Lastly, the cost of the whole project goes higher than the initially intended costs. This is due to more resources that need to be allocated to the projects in order to accomplish the new mission. Nevertheless, the second scenario leaves the system developers with a decision to make on whether to take the change defer it or reject it. If the developers decide on a progressive application upgrading, then they can start off with the initial projects and implements the customers needs. However, rejecting the change is the least expected decision. A project that fails to address the change in the requirements and quantifying the effects of the changes normally fails. Buy custom The Impacts of Changing Software Requirements essay

To Kill a Mockingbird Symbolism Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird Symbolism Essays To Kill a Mockingbird Symbolism Paper To Kill a Mockingbird Symbolism Paper Essay Topic: Literature The characters in To Kill a Mockingbird portray stereotypes and classic roles. Scout is the epitome of an innocent child, and through her eyes we see events unfold that change her status and broaden her awareness of the world around her. Due to her innocence in the beginning of the novel, we have to view her as an unreliable narrator because her views on the situations in the novel are somewhat skewed by her inexperience with the evils in the world. Bob Ewell symbolizes the evils of racism. He is uneducated, poor, and rude. He has an abusive parenting style and an adamant distrust of outsiders. His feelings toward Tom Robinson are misdirected as a result of his anger at Mayella for kissing a black man. His attempt to attack Scout after the school pageant shows that he is absolutely evil, because he has already destroyed one innocent life and is ready to take another simply for the sake of saving his pride. Atticus symbolizes logical thinking; he is able to act on the right thing while still trying to keep the peace in the small town he loves. His upstanding morality is characterized by a lack of pride, in stark contrast to Bob Ewell (we see this when his own children dont even know hes a perfect shot, for example). As he instructs Scout and Jem on the proper ways to behave, he symbolizes a teacher for all of the novels readers as well. Walter Cunningham, Sr. can be used to symbolize the possibility of change. Mr. Cunninghams situation isnt all that different from Bob Ewells; the main difference is that Ewell seems content to take handouts while Cunningham works for everything he has, even if it isnt much. Cunningham is a visible presence in the lynch mob that visits Tom Robinson in jail, but his conversation with Scout marks a turning point. If he is willing to see beyond his own hatred and listen to the voice of innocence and reason, perhaps Ms. Lee used him as a symbolic example to the rest of us that such a thing could be possible outside of Maycomb, too. A symbol is something that is used to represent something else. It can be simple, like a logo being used to represent a company. In literature, symbols can be objects, characters, ideas, or even colors that are used to represent larger concepts. Harper Lees novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is full of symbols. Each symbol has a deeper meaning that leads the reader to understand the greater themes of the novel. The Mockingbird The mockingbird is one of the most obvious symbols in the novel, mainly because its in the title and theres usually a picture of a mockingbird on the cover. In the novel, Scout and Jem learn that its a sin to kill a mockingbird, because they dont do anything to harm other creatures and therefore should never be harmed. In the novel, several characters can be symbolic mockingbirds. Surely Tom Robinson, accused of a crime he didnt truly commit, can be the top on that list. Toms innocence stems from the fact that he tried to help a fellow human being and ended up losing his life over it, all due to circumstances outside of his control (like being black). Jem and Scout are also mockingbirds in the novel, in that they lose some of their innocence due to their exposure to the evil in the world. Throughout the course of the novel, they learn about cruelties in life: from Toms trial to Dolphus Raymonds essential exile from white society to the incidents with Bob Ewell toward the end of the novel. Ewells attempt at killing the children is one more example of their mockingbird status as well. Finally, Boo Radley is a mockingbird in this novel. Though he had some not-so-innocent times in his past (like stabbing his father with a pair of scissors or running around town with a bad crowd), the imprisonment he has lived with for years under the hands of his parents and brother gives him mockingbird status in the novel. The way he has become a town ghost story also shows the cruelty he faces from the people of Maycomb, whether they mean to be cruel or not. Boo Radley Aside from being a mockingbird character, Boo Radley also shows the reader how Scout grows up throughout the novel (and, by some extension, Jem as well). In the beginning, the kids all like to play Boo Radley games, pretending to be him or telling scary stories about him. As they progress throughout the novel, they begin to discover that he might not be the town spook they fear he is. In the end, they realize that he is a caring, sensitive man who has done them a heros service. This growing understanding of Boo Radley is symbolic of the overall maturity that Scout and Jem experience in the novel. In the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, a person who shows symbolism is Atticus Finch. An object or place that shows symbolism would be the tree outside of the Radleys house. Atticus Finch shows symbolism because he is seen as a hero when he kills the rabid dog. Atticus is a father in that he shows love to his children. He is probably the only lawyer in Maycomb that would represent a black man. Atticus always tells his children that shooting a mockingbird is a sin because they dont do any harm. They are innocent creatures that make music. The snowman, the fire in Miss Maudie Atkinsons house, and the mockingbird are all examples of symbolism. The snowman that Jem and Scout made in front of Miss Maudie Atkinsons house one winter was an example of symbolism. Their was not enough snow for the snowman so Jem used dirt for the foundation and then covered it with the snow that they did have. The snowman is symbolic in that Jem is trying to cover up the black man and showing that he is the same as the white man. The fire in Miss Maudie Atkinsons house shows symbolism in that it shows the prejudice of Maycomb. The fire melted the snow from the snowman and left nothing but mud. The fire also shows that blacks and whites are nothing alike. The mockingbird shows symbolism because the mockingbird is innocent and all they do is sing beautiful songs. Killing a mockingbird is a sin. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch says to his children As you grow older, youll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and dont you forget it whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash. That statement is similar to what he says to his kids about killing a mockingbird. The mockingbird symbolizes underprivileged black people. They are innocent and never would harm anyone just like the mockingbird. Boo Radley is also innocent and would never harm anyone therefore the mockingbird also symbolizes him. Boo Radley never comes out because he does not want to face the prejudice and corrupt world. The symbolism reveals the prejudice of the citizens of Maycomb, the fears they have, and all of the dishonest things they do. It also reveals an attempt to get rid of these feeling in Maycomb by a hero to the community, Atticus Finch and his children who will follow in his footsteps. Symbolism makes this novel so appropriate. Symbolism is basically what the book is about. If this book did not have any type of symbolism it wouldnt be complete.